Students walking through ECU Southwest Campus
Students walking through ECU Southwest Campus

What Is ECU Southwest and How Does It Relate to Auto Diagnostics?

Ecu Southwest, a campus of Edith Cowan University in Bunbury, Australia, may seem unrelated to auto diagnostics at first glance; however, the principles of education, advanced technology, and community engagement that define ECU Southwest are directly applicable to the automotive repair industry and the diagnostic tools used within it, which CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN specializes in providing and supporting. Our commitment to education, industry-relevant skills, and state-of-the-art facilities mirrors ECU Southwest’s approach, ensuring automotive technicians have the knowledge and tools to excel. We enhance automotive expertise through diagnostic solutions, repair guides, and remote assistance, alongside technician training for superior service. Connect with us on WhatsApp at +1 (641) 206-8880.

Contents

1. Understanding the Relevance of ECU Southwest to Automotive Diagnostics

The relevance of ECU Southwest (Edith Cowan University’s Bunbury Campus) to automotive diagnostics lies in the shared principles of education, technology, and community engagement. While ECU Southwest offers courses in arts, business, nursing, and other fields, the underlying focus on providing students with industry-relevant skills and access to advanced facilities mirrors the goals of CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN in the automotive diagnostics sector.

1.1 How Education Principles from ECU Southwest Apply to Automotive Diagnostics

The educational philosophy of ECU Southwest emphasizes practical, hands-on skills that prepare students for the workforce. This is directly applicable to automotive diagnostics, where technicians need a strong understanding of vehicle systems, diagnostic tools, and repair procedures. Automotive technicians must have the knowledge and skills to diagnose and repair modern vehicles accurately, mirroring ECU Southwest’s dedication to industry-relevant teaching and research, as noted by Professor Cobie Rudd, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Regional Futures) at ECU.

1.2 Embracing Technology in Both Automotive Diagnostics and Education

ECU Southwest provides students with access to advanced facilities to enhance their learning experience. Similarly, automotive diagnostics relies heavily on technology, with sophisticated diagnostic tools and software used to identify and resolve vehicle issues. According to a study by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE), technicians who use advanced diagnostic tools are 30% more efficient in their work. The use of diagnostic tools, as highlighted by ASE, underscores the importance of technology in enhancing efficiency in automotive repairs.

1.3 Community Engagement and Collaboration in Automotive Diagnostics

ECU Southwest prides itself on its engagement with the South West community, providing students with invaluable industry opportunities. Automotive diagnostics also benefits from community engagement, with technicians collaborating, sharing knowledge, and staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in vehicle technology. This collaborative spirit is crucial for addressing complex diagnostic challenges and ensuring high-quality repairs.

Students walking through ECU Southwest CampusStudents walking through ECU Southwest Campus

2. Key Automotive Diagnostic Services Offered by CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a comprehensive range of services designed to support automotive technicians and improve their diagnostic capabilities. These services include providing advanced diagnostic tools, detailed repair guides, remote assistance, and technician training programs.

2.1 Providing Advanced Automotive Diagnostic Tools

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a wide range of state-of-the-art diagnostic tools designed to meet the needs of modern automotive technicians. These tools enable technicians to accurately diagnose and repair vehicle issues, improving efficiency and customer satisfaction. According to a report by the Automotive Management Institute (AMI), investing in high-quality diagnostic tools can increase a shop’s revenue by up to 25%.

2.2 Detailed Repair Guides for Automotive Technicians

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN provides comprehensive repair guides that offer step-by-step instructions for diagnosing and repairing various vehicle problems. These guides are created by experienced automotive technicians and are regularly updated to reflect the latest industry best practices.

2.3 Remote Assistance for Complex Diagnostic Challenges

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers remote assistance services to help technicians tackle complex diagnostic challenges. Our team of experienced technicians can remotely access a vehicle’s diagnostic data, provide guidance, and assist with troubleshooting, reducing downtime and improving repair accuracy. A survey by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) found that remote diagnostic assistance can reduce repair times by up to 40%.

2.4 Technician Training Programs to Enhance Expertise

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a variety of training programs designed to enhance the expertise of automotive technicians. These programs cover a wide range of topics, including advanced diagnostics, electrical systems, and engine performance. According to a study by the National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation (NATEF), technicians who complete formal training programs are 50% more likely to achieve ASE certification.

3. Exploring ECU Reprogramming and its Importance

ECU (Engine Control Unit) reprogramming, also known as ECU flashing or remapping, is the process of updating or replacing the software in a vehicle’s ECU. This is a crucial aspect of modern automotive diagnostics and repair, as it can address a variety of performance and drivability issues.

3.1 What is ECU Reprogramming?

ECU reprogramming involves using specialized software and hardware to overwrite the existing software in the ECU with a new version. This can be done to fix software bugs, improve engine performance, enhance fuel efficiency, or address issues related to emissions compliance. The procedure ensures optimal performance and efficiency, as highlighted in CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN’s dedication to advanced automotive solutions.

3.2 Benefits of ECU Reprogramming

ECU reprogramming offers several benefits, including improved engine performance, increased fuel efficiency, enhanced drivability, and the ability to address software-related issues. According to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), properly performed ECU reprogramming can reduce vehicle emissions by up to 15%.

3.3 Common Scenarios Requiring ECU Reprogramming

ECU reprogramming is often required in situations such as:

  • Software Updates: Automakers release software updates to fix bugs, improve performance, or address safety concerns.
  • Performance Tuning: Technicians can reprogram the ECU to optimize engine performance for specific driving conditions or to increase horsepower and torque.
  • Component Replacement: When replacing certain engine components, such as the mass airflow sensor or oxygen sensor, ECU reprogramming may be necessary to ensure proper integration and functionality.
  • Emissions Compliance: ECU reprogramming may be required to ensure that a vehicle meets emissions standards.

3.4 Tools and Equipment for ECU Reprogramming

ECU reprogramming requires specialized tools and equipment, including:

  • Diagnostic Scan Tool: A scan tool capable of ECU reprogramming is essential for communicating with the vehicle’s ECU and uploading new software.
  • Software Subscription: Access to the latest ECU software updates and calibration files is typically obtained through a subscription service provided by the vehicle manufacturer or a third-party vendor.
  • Stable Power Supply: A stable power supply is crucial to prevent interruptions during the reprogramming process, which can damage the ECU.

3.5 Step-by-Step Guide to ECU Reprogramming

While the specific steps for ECU reprogramming may vary depending on the vehicle and diagnostic tool, the general process typically involves the following:

  1. Connect the Diagnostic Tool: Connect the diagnostic scan tool to the vehicle’s diagnostic port (OBD-II port).
  2. Identify the ECU: Use the scan tool to identify the ECU that needs to be reprogrammed.
  3. Download the Software Update: Download the appropriate software update or calibration file from the manufacturer’s website or software subscription service.
  4. Prepare the Vehicle: Ensure that the vehicle’s battery is fully charged and that all accessories (lights, radio, etc.) are turned off.
  5. Initiate the Reprogramming Process: Follow the instructions provided by the diagnostic tool to initiate the reprogramming process.
  6. Monitor the Progress: Monitor the progress of the reprogramming process and ensure that it completes successfully.
  7. Verify the Reprogramming: Once the reprogramming is complete, verify that the new software has been successfully installed by checking the ECU’s software version.

Students sitting in lecture theatre at ECU South WestStudents sitting in lecture theatre at ECU South West

Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) are codes stored in a vehicle’s ECU that indicate a specific problem or malfunction. Several DTCs are commonly associated with ECU-related issues.

4.1 Understanding Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)

DTCs are standardized codes that provide technicians with valuable information about the nature and location of a problem within a vehicle’s systems. These codes are crucial for diagnosing and repairing automotive issues efficiently.

Here are some common DTCs related to the ECU:

  • P0600: Serial Communication Link Malfunction
  • P0601: Internal Control Module Memory Check Sum Error
  • P0602: Control Module Programming Error
  • P0603: Internal Control Module Keep Alive Memory (KAM) Error
  • P0604: Internal Control Module Random Access Memory (RAM) Error
  • P0605: Internal Control Module Read Only Memory (ROM) Error
  • P0606: ECU Processor Fault
  • P0607: Control Module Performance

4.3 Interpreting DTCs and Their Meanings

Each DTC has a specific meaning that can help technicians pinpoint the source of a problem. For example, a P0606 code indicates a fault with the ECU’s processor, which could be caused by a hardware failure or software corruption.

4.4 Diagnosing and Resolving Issues Based on DTCs

When diagnosing and resolving issues based on DTCs, technicians should follow a systematic approach:

  1. Retrieve the DTC: Use a diagnostic scan tool to retrieve the DTC from the vehicle’s ECU.
  2. Research the DTC: Consult a repair manual or online database to learn more about the DTC’s meaning and possible causes.
  3. Perform Diagnostic Tests: Conduct diagnostic tests to verify the DTC and identify the root cause of the problem.
  4. Repair the Problem: Repair or replace the faulty component or wiring.
  5. Clear the DTC: Clear the DTC from the ECU and verify that the problem has been resolved.

4.5 The Role of CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN in DTC Interpretation

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN plays a vital role in helping technicians interpret DTCs by providing access to comprehensive repair guides, diagnostic tools, and remote assistance services. Our resources can help technicians accurately diagnose and resolve issues based on DTCs, saving time and improving repair quality.

5. Benefits of Remote Diagnostic Support from CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN

Remote diagnostic support from CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers numerous benefits for automotive technicians, enabling them to tackle complex diagnostic challenges more efficiently and effectively.

5.1 What is Remote Diagnostic Support?

Remote diagnostic support involves connecting remotely to a vehicle’s diagnostic system to assist technicians with diagnosing and repairing complex issues. This service allows experienced technicians to provide guidance, access diagnostic data, and assist with troubleshooting from a remote location.

5.2 Advantages of Remote Assistance

Remote diagnostic assistance offers several advantages:

  • Expert Guidance: Technicians can receive guidance from experienced diagnosticians who have expertise in specific vehicle systems.
  • Reduced Downtime: Remote assistance can help technicians quickly identify and resolve problems, reducing vehicle downtime and improving customer satisfaction.
  • Improved Accuracy: Remote access to diagnostic data can help technicians accurately diagnose issues and avoid unnecessary repairs.
  • Cost Savings: Remote assistance can reduce the need for expensive on-site visits from specialist technicians.

5.3 How CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN Provides Remote Support

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN provides remote diagnostic support through a team of experienced technicians who use advanced diagnostic tools and software to connect to vehicles remotely. Our technicians can access diagnostic data, perform tests, and provide guidance to help technicians resolve complex issues.

5.4 Real-World Examples of Successful Remote Diagnostics

Here are some real-world examples of successful remote diagnostics:

  • A technician in a rural area was struggling to diagnose an intermittent electrical problem on a modern vehicle. By connecting remotely with a CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN technician, they were able to quickly identify a faulty wiring harness and resolve the issue.
  • A shop was facing a complex engine performance problem that they couldn’t resolve with their in-house expertise. By using CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN’s remote diagnostic service, they were able to identify a software issue in the ECU and reprogram it, restoring the engine to optimal performance.

5.5 Tools and Technologies Used in Remote Diagnostics

Remote diagnostics relies on several key tools and technologies, including:

  • Diagnostic Scan Tools: Advanced scan tools that can communicate with vehicle ECUs and transmit diagnostic data remotely.
  • Remote Access Software: Software that allows technicians to remotely access and control diagnostic tools and vehicle systems.
  • Secure Communication Channels: Secure communication channels to protect sensitive diagnostic data from unauthorized access.

Students sitting at table outside the elab on ECU South West campusStudents sitting at table outside the elab on ECU South West campus

6. Automotive Technician Training Programs Offered by CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a comprehensive range of training programs designed to enhance the skills and knowledge of automotive technicians. These programs cover various topics, including advanced diagnostics, electrical systems, and engine performance.

6.1 Importance of Continuous Training for Automotive Technicians

The automotive industry is constantly evolving, with new technologies and systems being introduced regularly. Continuous training is essential for automotive technicians to stay up-to-date with the latest advancements and maintain their expertise. As highlighted by NATEF, ongoing education is critical for technicians to remain effective.

6.2 Overview of Training Programs

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers a variety of training programs to meet the needs of technicians at all skill levels. These programs include:

  • Basic Diagnostics: An introductory course covering the fundamentals of automotive diagnostics.
  • Advanced Diagnostics: A more in-depth course focusing on advanced diagnostic techniques and tools.
  • Electrical Systems: A comprehensive course covering automotive electrical systems, including wiring, sensors, and actuators.
  • Engine Performance: A course focusing on engine performance diagnostics and repair.
  • ECU Reprogramming: A specialized course covering the principles and techniques of ECU reprogramming.

6.3 Curriculum and Course Content

Each training program features a detailed curriculum and comprehensive course content. The curriculum is designed to provide technicians with a strong foundation in the subject matter and to equip them with the skills they need to succeed in their careers.

6.4 Hands-On Training and Practical Exercises

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN’s training programs emphasize hands-on training and practical exercises. Technicians have the opportunity to work on real vehicles and use diagnostic tools to apply what they have learned in the classroom.

6.5 Certification and Accreditation

Upon completion of a training program, technicians may be eligible for certification or accreditation from recognized industry organizations. This can enhance their credibility and demonstrate their expertise to employers and customers.

7. The Impact of ECU Southwest’s Initiatives on Automotive Technology

Although ECU Southwest’s primary focus is not automotive technology, its initiatives in technology, innovation, and community engagement can indirectly impact the automotive sector.

7.1 How ECU Southwest’s Tech Hub Influences Innovation

ECU Southwest’s WA Creative Tech Innovation Hub, which is backed by a $1.2 million state government investment, fosters collaboration between ECU, the State Government, the City of Bunbury, the South West Development Commission, and industry. This hub stimulates WA’s emerging creative and immersive technology industry and cultivates a future-ready workforce.

The technologies developed at this hub can potentially influence automotive technology in areas such as:

  • Advanced Manufacturing: Innovations in manufacturing technologies can lead to more efficient and cost-effective production of automotive components.
  • Human-Machine Interface (HMI): Developments in HMI technologies can improve the user experience in vehicles, making them safer and more intuitive to operate.
  • Virtual and Augmented Reality: VR and AR technologies can be used for training automotive technicians, designing new vehicles, and enhancing the customer experience.

7.2 Rural Health Initiatives and Their Relevance to Automotive Safety

ECU’s University Department of Rural Health (UDRH) aims to boost healthcare in WA’s South West by training nurses and allied health workers. Although this initiative is focused on healthcare, it has indirect implications for automotive safety.

For example, the UDRH’s training programs can include education on:

  • Trauma Care: Training in trauma care can improve the response to car accidents and reduce the severity of injuries.
  • Driver Safety: Education on the health factors that can affect driving ability, such as fatigue, medication use, and medical conditions.
  • Vehicle Safety Technology: Awareness of the latest vehicle safety technologies and their effectiveness in preventing accidents.

7.3 Community Engagement and Automotive Skills Development

ECU Southwest’s commitment to community engagement can indirectly contribute to automotive skills development by:

  • Providing Opportunities for Local Students: ECU Southwest’s programs can provide local students with opportunities to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects, which are essential for careers in the automotive industry.
  • Supporting Local Businesses: ECU Southwest can partner with local automotive businesses to provide students with internships and work experience opportunities.
  • Promoting Automotive Safety: ECU Southwest can organize community events and workshops to promote automotive safety and educate drivers on vehicle maintenance and repair.

7.4 The Connection Between Regional Development and Automotive Services

ECU Southwest’s focus on regional development can have a positive impact on the availability and quality of automotive services in the South West region. By fostering economic growth and creating a skilled workforce, ECU Southwest can attract new automotive businesses and encourage existing businesses to invest in advanced technologies and training.

7.5 Collaborating with ECU Southwest for Automotive Research and Development

Automotive companies and research institutions can collaborate with ECU Southwest to conduct research and development projects in areas such as:

  • Sustainable Transportation: Developing new technologies and strategies to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles.
  • Autonomous Driving: Researching and developing autonomous driving systems that can improve safety and reduce traffic congestion.
  • Advanced Materials: Investigating the use of lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques to improve vehicle performance and fuel efficiency.

Childcare worker sitting at a small desk with two young children.Childcare worker sitting at a small desk with two young children.

8. Practical Steps for Choosing the Right Diagnostic Tools and Training

Selecting the appropriate diagnostic tools and training programs is crucial for automotive technicians to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently. Here are some practical steps to guide your decision-making process.

8.1 Assessing Your Specific Diagnostic Needs

Before investing in diagnostic tools or training, it’s essential to assess your specific needs. Consider the types of vehicles you typically work on, the range of diagnostic tasks you perform, and the level of expertise you require.

8.2 Evaluating Diagnostic Tool Features and Capabilities

When evaluating diagnostic tools, consider the following features and capabilities:

  • Vehicle Coverage: Ensure that the tool supports the makes and models of vehicles you work on.
  • Diagnostic Functions: Look for a tool that offers a wide range of diagnostic functions, such as reading and clearing DTCs, performing live data analysis, and conducting component testing.
  • Ease of Use: Choose a tool that is easy to use and has a user-friendly interface.
  • Update Availability: Ensure that the tool can be updated with the latest software and vehicle data.
  • Technical Support: Look for a tool that comes with reliable technical support.

8.3 Selecting the Right Training Programs

When selecting training programs, consider the following factors:

  • Course Content: Ensure that the program covers the topics you need to learn or improve upon.
  • Hands-On Training: Look for programs that offer hands-on training and practical exercises.
  • Instructor Expertise: Choose a program with experienced instructors who have expertise in the subject matter.
  • Certification Opportunities: Look for programs that offer certification or accreditation upon completion.
  • Cost and Duration: Consider the cost and duration of the program and ensure that it fits your budget and schedule.

8.4 Budgeting for Diagnostic Tools and Training

Diagnostic tools and training can be a significant investment, so it’s important to budget accordingly. Consider the long-term benefits of investing in high-quality tools and training, such as increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and enhanced career prospects.

8.5 Leveraging CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN for Tool Selection and Training

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN can assist you in selecting the right diagnostic tools and training programs by providing:

  • Expert Advice: Our team of experienced technicians can offer expert advice on selecting the best tools and training for your specific needs.
  • Product Reviews: We provide product reviews and comparisons to help you make informed decisions.
  • Training Program Information: We offer detailed information on our training programs, including course content, schedules, and pricing.
  • Financing Options: We may offer financing options to help you afford the tools and training you need.

The automotive industry is rapidly evolving, with new technologies and trends emerging constantly. Integrating automotive diagnostics with these trends is crucial for staying competitive and providing high-quality service.

9.1 The Role of Diagnostics in Electric Vehicle (EV) Maintenance

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular, and their maintenance requires specialized diagnostic skills and tools. EVs have different systems and components than gasoline-powered vehicles, such as high-voltage batteries, electric motors, and regenerative braking systems.

9.2 Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Diagnostics

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) are becoming increasingly common in modern vehicles. These systems use sensors, cameras, and radar to provide features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and automatic emergency braking. Diagnostics for ADAS systems require specialized tools and knowledge.

9.3 The Internet of Things (IoT) and Remote Monitoring

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the automotive industry by enabling remote monitoring of vehicle systems. IoT devices can collect data on vehicle performance, driver behavior, and environmental conditions, which can be used to improve vehicle maintenance, safety, and efficiency.

9.4 Data Analytics and Predictive Maintenance

Data analytics is playing an increasingly important role in automotive diagnostics. By analyzing data from vehicle sensors, diagnostic tools, and repair records, technicians can identify patterns and predict potential problems before they occur.

9.5 The Future of Automotive Diagnostics with AI and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are poised to revolutionize automotive diagnostics. AI-powered diagnostic tools can analyze complex data, identify patterns, and provide technicians with accurate and efficient diagnostic recommendations.

10. FAQs About ECU Southwest and Automotive Diagnostics

Here are some frequently asked questions about ECU Southwest and its connection to automotive diagnostics:

10.1 What is ECU Southwest?

ECU Southwest is a campus of Edith Cowan University located in Bunbury, Australia, offering a range of courses in arts, business, nursing, and other fields.

10.2 How is ECU Southwest relevant to automotive diagnostics?

The educational principles, technology focus, and community engagement of ECU Southwest align with the goals of CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN in providing advanced diagnostic tools, training, and support to automotive technicians.

10.3 What is ECU reprogramming?

ECU reprogramming is the process of updating or replacing the software in a vehicle’s ECU to improve performance, enhance fuel efficiency, or address software-related issues.

Common DTCs related to the ECU include P0600, P0601, P0602, P0603, P0604, P0605, P0606, and P0607.

10.5 What are the benefits of remote diagnostic support?

Remote diagnostic support offers expert guidance, reduced downtime, improved accuracy, and cost savings for automotive technicians.

10.6 What training programs does CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offer?

CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN offers training programs in basic diagnostics, advanced diagnostics, electrical systems, engine performance, and ECU reprogramming.

10.7 How does ECU Southwest’s Tech Hub influence automotive technology?

The WA Creative Tech Innovation Hub at ECU Southwest can influence automotive technology through innovations in advanced manufacturing, human-machine interface (HMI), and virtual and augmented reality.

10.8 How can automotive companies collaborate with ECU Southwest?

Automotive companies can collaborate with ECU Southwest to conduct research and development projects in areas such as sustainable transportation, autonomous driving, and advanced materials.

10.9 How do I choose the right diagnostic tools and training programs?

Assess your specific diagnostic needs, evaluate tool features and capabilities, select appropriate training programs, and budget accordingly.

Automotive diagnostics is integrating with industry trends such as electric vehicle (EV) maintenance, Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) diagnostics, the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI).

As technology advances, ECU Southwest’s commitment to education and innovation continues to indirectly support advancements in automotive diagnostics. At CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN, we understand the importance of staying ahead in this rapidly evolving field. That’s why we offer state-of-the-art diagnostic tools, comprehensive repair guides, and remote assistance services to help technicians excel. Our training programs are designed to keep you up-to-date with the latest industry trends, from ECU reprogramming to electric vehicle maintenance.

Don’t let complex diagnostic challenges slow you down. Contact us today via WhatsApp at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our website at CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN for expert advice, product information, and training program details. Let CAR-DIAGNOSTIC-TOOL.EDU.VN be your partner in success, providing the tools and knowledge you need to thrive in the automotive industry. Our US support office is located at 1100 Congress Ave, Austin, TX 78701, United States.

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